轴承的摩擦与润滑

轴承的摩擦与润滑(中文+英文6200字)
现在看来，有很多这种情况，许多学生在被问到关于摩擦的问题时，往往都没引起足够的重视，甚至是忽视它。实际上，摩擦从某种程度上说，存在于任何两个相接触并有相对运动趋势的部件之间。而摩擦这个词，本身就意味着，两个或两个以上部件的阻止相对运动趋势。
在一个机器中，运动部件的摩擦是有害的，因为它降低了机械对能量的充分利用。由它引起的热能是一种浪费的能量。因为不能用它做任何事情。还有，它还需要更大的动力来克服这种不断增大的摩擦。热能是有破坏性的。因为它产生了膨胀。而膨胀可以使得轴承或滑动表面之间的配合更紧密。如果因为膨胀导致了一个足够大的积压力，那么，这个轴承就可能会卡死或密封死。另外，随着温度的升高，如果不是耐高温材料制造的轴承，就可能会损坏甚至融化。
在运动部件之间会发生很多摩擦，如
1.启动摩擦
2.滑动摩擦
3.转动摩擦。

外文文献
Friction  Lubrication of  Bearing
In many of the problem thus far , the student has  been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement.
Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is  necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary.
The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is  lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the  increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt.
There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement .