桥梁工程和桥梁美学

桥梁工程和桥梁美学(中文3200字,英文2000字)
（一）桥梁工程的发展概况。
早在公元前1世纪，Marcus Vitrucios Pollio 的著作中就有关于建筑材料和结构类型的记载和评述。后来古希腊人创立了静力学的基本原理， Leonardo da Vinci 、Cardeno和Galileo 等人在工作和应用中也证实了这些原理的正确性。而在15世纪至16世纪期间，工程师们似乎并没有注意到这些文字记载，只是单凭经验和传统来建造桥梁和渡槽。到了17世纪末， 随着Leibnitz、Newton 和Bernoulli的数学理论的创立，桥梁建筑技术得到了快速发展。Lahire (1695)和belidor（1729）出版的关于结构理论分析的著作为材料力学领域奠定了基础。
Kuzmanovic （1977）指出，石材和木材是桥梁建筑最早采用的材料。在从木材到钢材的转变过程中，铁作为一种过渡材料被用于桥梁建筑中。根据近期的记载。早在1840年，法国就在Grisoles 建造了一座跨度为39英尺（12米）的横跨 Garoyne 运河的混凝土桥梁， 但钢筋混凝土桥直到本世纪初才出现，而预应力混凝土到1927年才开始使用。
BRIDGE ENGINEERING AND AESTHETICS
Evolvement of bridge Engineering,brief review
Among the early documented reviews of construction materials and structure types are the books of Marcus Vitruvios Pollio in the first century B.C.The basic principles of statics were developed by the Greeks , and were exemplified in works and applications by Leonardo da Vinci,Cardeno,and Galileo.In the fifteenth and sixteenth century, engineers seemed to be unaware of this record , and relied solely on experience and tradition for building bridges and aqueducts .The state of the art changed rapidly toward the end of the seventeenth century when Leibnitz, Newton,  and Bernoulli introduced mathematical formulations. Published works by Lahire (1695)and Belidor (1792) about the theoretical analysis of structures provided the basis in the field of mechanics of materials .