拱坝发展历史Historical Development of Arch Dams

拱坝发展历史Historical Development of Arch Dams(中文5400字,英文3000字)
从罗马到现代混凝土拱坝设计
摘要
大坝设计可以分为三个主要阶段：重力式结构依靠其自重保持稳定，拱结构依靠坝肩反应力和支撑坝，一个拱坝的设计依赖于坝肩反作用力以抵御水压力当然这需要先进带的工程技术。目前的研究表明，拱坝的发展历史发生于五个阶段。目前世界上最古老的拱坝是由在法国和西班牙的罗马人修建。其次是蒙古人在13世纪和14世纪间于伊朗修建的水坝，然而，一直到19世纪，拱坝的设计才取得了重大的进展。4座具有卓越成就的拱坝结构，米尔阿勒姆坝（印度1804年），琼斯瀑布水坝（加拿大1831年），左拉大坝（法国1854年）和帕拉马塔大坝（澳大利亚1856年）。澳大利亚工程师开创了用混凝土作为筑坝材料的先河（即75 -迈尔斯和利斯哥1号坝）。现代混凝土拱坝设计于20世纪初引入北美：例如，定角拱，双曲拱。由于没有重大的设计突破发生，已发生的设计和现代拱坝是在单半径，恒定角度或双曲拱坝设计的。但是作者认为，增设混凝土作为建筑材料标志着重大的革新，为更灵活的拱坝体型设计提供了前提条件。
关键词：拱坝 历史发展 拱设计 罗马大坝 蒙古坝 澳大利亚大坝 砖石 混凝土 土木工程

Historical Development of Arch Dams.
From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs
Abstract
Dam designs may be divided into three main types : gravity structures relying on their weight for stability, arch structures using the abutment reaction forces and buttress dams. The design of an arch dam relies on the abutment reaction forces to resist the water pressure force and it requires advanced engineering expertise. The present study demonstrates that the historical development of arch dams took place in five stages. The world's oldest arch dams were built by the Romans in France and Spain. They were followed by the Mongols who built dams in Iran during the 13th and 14th centuries. However it is not until the 19th century that significant progress in arch dam design was made. Four remarkable structures were the Meer Allum dam (India 1804), the Jones Falls dam (Canada 1831), the Zola dam (France 1854) and Parramatta dam (Australia 1856). Australian engineers pioneered the use of concrete as a construction material for arch dams (i.e. 75-Miles and Lithgow No. 1 dams). Modern concrete arch dam designs were introduced in North-America at the beginning of the 20th century : e.g., constant-angle arch, double-curvature arch. Since no major design breakthrough has taken place and modern arch dams are based upon the single-radius, constant-angle or double-curvature arch design. It is the writers' opinion that the introduction of concrete as construction material marked a major innovation in allowing a flexibility in arch shape design.