理性主义与经验主义(中文15000字,英文9400字)
理性主义和经验主义之间的争端的程度取决于我们努力通过感性经验获得知识。理性主义者声称有显著的方法,使我们的概念和知识的获得是独立意识的经验。经验主义者声称感性经验的最终源泉就是我们所有的概念和知识。
通常他们的观点理性主义者在两个方面。首先,他们认为有时候内容的概念和知识,经验超出提供信息。第二,他们的理由建设以某种形式或其它规定的附加信息。他们发展的经验,提供信息,理性主义者引用,在我们已经放在第一位。(经验主义者会选择一种理性主义怀疑论:如果经验并不能提供的概念和知识的理性主义者引用的话,那么我们就没有他们)。经验主义者攻击理性主义者的原因是一个来源的概念和知识。
1．介绍
理性主义和经验主义之间的争执,需要分别是在认识论哲学的本质,致力研究和知识的来源。这个定义的认识论问题包括以下。
是什么性质的命题的知识,知识,使某一特定命题关于世界是真实的吗?
了解某一特定的命题,既需要我们相信它,它是真实的,但它也需要更多的东西,区分知识外,还可以从一个侥幸的猜测。让我们称这种额外的因素的保证。大量的哲学著作已投入试图确定这个额外的因素。
Rationalism vs. Empiricism
The dispute between rationalism and empiricism concerns the extent to which we are dependent upon sense experience in our effort to gain knowledge. Rationalists claim that there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience. Empiricists claim that sense experience is the ultimate source of all our concepts and knowledge.
Rationalists generally develop their view in two ways. First, they argue that there are cases where the content of our concepts or knowledge outstrips the information that sense experience can provide. Second, they construct accounts of how reason in some form or other provides that additional information about the world. Empiricists present complementary lines of thought. First, they develop accounts of how experience provides the information that rationalists cite, insofar as we have it in the first place. (Empiricists will at times opt for skepticism as an alternative to rationalism: if experience cannot provide the concepts or knowledge the rationalists cite, then we don't have them.) Second, empiricists attack the rationalists' accounts of how reason is a source of concepts or knowledge. |
