火灾免责：中粮公司葵花籽饼案的处理及启示

火灾免责：中粮公司葵花籽饼案的处理及启示
摘    要
海上货物运输，是一项很具有风险的事业。为了鼓励和保护航运业的发展，针对海上风险，逐步形成了一系列保护承运人的法律制度，如海事赔偿责任限制制度，承运人免责制度等等，这些特殊的法律制度是其他法律部门所不具有的。而海洋运输中的火灾免责条款，又是其中最常用到的。
本文以中粮公司葵花籽饼案为例，分析了海洋运输中的火灾免责问题。通过对《海牙规则》、《汉堡规则》等国际公约及美国海商法的介绍，阐述了火灾、火灾起因和举证责任的定义，并且详细分析了葵花籽饼案。最后分析我国《海商法》相应条款，认为海上火灾免责，从其定义、起因，到举证顺序，举证对象等方面来看，我国立法上存在较明显的缺陷，最后作者提出修改建议。

【关键词】 火灾免责 举证责任 海牙规则 汉堡规则 海商法

Abstract
The marine transport is a business with high risk. In order to encourage and protect the development of this industry, a law system cover the risk of the marine transport was established gradually. Such as the system of maritime affairs indemnification responsibility limits and the system accepting the carrier free from responsibilities. And the other law sections do not have such system. Marine fire clause is one of them.
This thesis taking the case of Sunflower seed cake of COFCO as an example, analyzes the problems of Marine fire absolution responsibility. The thesis introduces the rules in “HAGUE RULES”、 “HAMBURG RULES” and “American Maritime Law”, and illustrates the definition of fire, cause, onus probandi, and then analyzes the case in details. At last the thesis analyzes the rules in “China Maritime Law”. In the author’s point of view, marine fire, in respect of its definition, the cause, the order of proof as well as the subject of proof are quite important problem. There are some defects in the legislation in China. The author puts forwards some advices for amendment the law.

【 Keywords 】 Absolution responsibility of fire; Onus probandi; Hague rules; Hamburg rules; Maritime law

目  录
1 海洋运输中火灾免责的案例    2
1.1 中粮公司葵花籽饼案详情    2
1.2 双方争议    2
1.3 争议焦点    3
2 国际公约中的火灾免责条款    3
2.1  不可抗力与火灾免责条款    3
2.2  《海牙规则》中的火灾免责    4
2.3  《汉堡规则》中的火灾免责    6
2.4  美国海商法中的火灾免责    7
2.5 各类条例对火灾免责规定的比较    7
3 对葵花籽饼案的分析    7
3.1 从《海牙规则》来看    8
3.2　从《汉堡规则》来看    8
4 我国《海商法》中火灾条款的规定与不足    9
4.1我国《海商法》中的火灾免责    9
4.2 《海商法》中火灾免责条款的不足之处    9
4.3 对我国《海商法》中火灾免责的修改建议    10
结 束 语    10
参考文献    12
致   谢    13